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Battle of Alcântara (1580)
The Battle of Alcântara took place on 25 August 1580, near the brook of Alcântara, in the vicinity of Lisbon, Portugal, and was a decisive victory of the Spanish Habsburg King Philip II over the Portuguese pretender to the Portuguese throne, Dom António, Prior of Crato.
==Background==
In Portugal, the death of King Sebastian of Portugal in 1578, with only an elderly childless great uncle to succeed him, plunged the country into a succession crisis. King Philip II of Spain was one of seven who laid claim to the Portuguese throne, and in June 1580 a Spanish army of about 40,000 men〔Dauril Alden p.90〕 (about half of which were German and Italian mercenaries)〔Jeremy Black p.119〕〔Thomas Henry Dyer p.287〕 invaded Portugal, under the command of Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba.
Two years earlier, the Portuguese army had been decimated at the Battle of Ksar El Kebir (1578),〔David S. Katz p.51〕 causing the death and imprisonment of tens of thousands of Portuguese soldiers and nobles. Dom António also lacked support from what was left of the Portuguese nobility and high clergy, which chose to support Philip II instead.〔David Eggenberger p.10〕〔Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer p.296〕 Dom António was therefore forced to recruit an irregular army composed mainly of local peasants and townspeople〔Tony Jaques p.25〕〔Cathal J. Nolan p.10〕〔David Eggenberger p.10〕 as well as 3,000 African slaves who fought for António in exchange for their freedom.〔History of Portugal: pamphlet collection p.267〕〔Newton de Macedo p.96〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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